D.E. Wittkower
The Enchiridion of Epictetus
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Epictetus
Epictetus (Greek: Επίκτητος; c.55–c.135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. The name given by his parents, if one was given, is not known - the …
Studies in Pessimism
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Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer, an early 19th century philosopher, made significant contributions to metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. His work also…
Utilitarianism
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John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. Th…
On the Popular Judgment: That may be Right in Theory, but does not Hold Good in…
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Immanuel Kant
This tripartite essay – published variously as “On the Popular Judgment” (J. Richardson trans.), “On the Old Saw” (E.B. Ashton trans.), or “…
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophic Essay (Hastie Translation)
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Immanuel Kant
This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…
A Letter Concerning Toleration
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John Locke
Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke was originally published in 1689. Its initial publication was in Latin, though it was immediately…
The Twilight of the Idols
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Of The Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche says in Ecce Homo: “If anyone should desire to obtain a rapid sketch of how everything before my tim…
Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books
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Immanuel Kant
This essay of Kant’s on copyright argues that the unlicensed copying of books cannot possibly be permissible, due to the fact that it assume…
Meditations on First Philosophy
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René Descartes
After several years working on a treatise putting forth his mechanistic philosophy and physics, Descartes shelved the project when his conte…
Introduction to The Philosophy of History
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
The introduction to Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of world history is often used to introduce students to Hegel's philosophy, in part b…
The Moral Equivalent of War
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William James
The Moral Equivalent of War, the last public utterance of William James, is significant as expressing the opinions of a practical psychologi…
Reflections on War and Death
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Sigmund Freud
Anyone, as Freud tells us in Reflections on War and Death, forced to react against his own impulses may be described as a hypocrite, whether…
Perpetual Peace, A Philosophic Essay (Trueblood Translation)
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Immanuel Kant
This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…